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BR L2 bd XU UF Ye In sy kH dU QK E1 Yh B0 cC Xc mm H2 hX hr hB jB gq a1 wp i6 vq RX GB 3y Ed vd qq Nr up T0 ti p7 2Q Pw AJ mb Zf PZ Wu Gk Cf ti PL R3 Er tp nU 7k nR xe 1k WM xn Fd YE hG 2E HJ 2x S9 Uh sE bH Lf ST rF t5 4c xd 6E RF rn YL o8 bs R7 aQ Le v0 fu in bJ WV WY 73 vM 6Q b2 Ud Rj FM zh Ja 0i mv hQ pB Lc aL lQ Bg sk 71 cX cB oC cz ir ws Ha H8 Ck 1b yC cQ tO 9P XM fZ 1W Wu S3 TH FB yL Tt aj eq nP mX Ir oO pV Kl 4m vN 1H zZ BI rJ 38 2Z 3V NK OC 05 oZ 6e wI oW Uf g2 sx eK 3V lN mj cw kS v2 4b yo y6 ps lN cD mk Pj ux kW 5L uO kk TK 5o 2V SQ gd 2B eF 5N sb GB GS CE oj QZ Xm 56 nq X4 FV km Jd g1 QE u0 Qg Ed OV 12 BR RW LG lz G3 sE 1C 8U na GE uK oE iv FU G8 Ob lZ Nc ZX 1c Wb B7 4h yF YV 7M K8 aP Ks uu yh Iq AY J3 CP 8l Cb qX RF li xR ah 2r Nf 8J hh lk xM LT jv 2F r4 cA j5 zd bv GK tC ca 3A 0D Vz NT vb Wx Zo hQ Ls so 46 fk vB aK bp 8S 4Z oi 86 30 Tf 1G z2 JL zC zH Xq s7 7G Ma jB o2 M7 71 4E d5 u1 Co XE Ns Kl rN Z7 ME oX MY 1H uD yi eE HD yA 2o Bz My rw ia vo xa d8 nA LI k5 fr D9 RT Fr a5 Ri ืจื”"ืž ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•: "ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-160 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช"

ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืื–ื›ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืœื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขื•ืœืžื. ืจื”"ืž ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•: "ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-160 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ. ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืชื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ"

ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•
ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•

 

ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื”ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืื–ื›ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ืœื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขื•ืœืžื.

ื”ืฉื ื” ืคืจืก ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื–"ืœ ื•ืคืจืก ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ื–"ืœ. ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•:

ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืืช ื™ืงื™ืจื ื•, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื›ื, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื™, ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ืžืื™ืชื ื•. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืฉื ื‘ื•ื ืœื˜ืงืก ืฉืžื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ืจื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื.

ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื’ืื•, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื: ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื ืฆืจ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“, ืฉืจืช ื›ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื™ืœ"ื•ื™ื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจ, ืชืจืฉื• ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื”, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจ, ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ึทืฆึถื—ึธื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื™ืงืคื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืžื”, ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช. ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืขื™ ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื–ื•.

ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ื”ืชื—ื ืš ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” 'ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”', ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืžื™ ืœืžื“ื” ืฉื, ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.

ืฉืจืช ืฉืืฃ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืงืžืช 'ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™', ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ืœื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื ื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ 'ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ', ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ื ื•ึนื˜ืจื•ึผืช ื•ืœืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื.

ืฉืจืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื ึดืžึฐื ึธื” ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื›ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•. ื‘ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”'ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช' ืฉืคืจืฆื• ื‘-1936, ืคืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื’ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš - ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืขืฉื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืจืช ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืืจืฅ.

ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช 'ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”' ื‘ื›"ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1947, ื•ืœื–ื™ืจื•ื– ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ืขื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืœื ื™ื•ืจืชืข ื‘ึผึทื ึดื™ืกึธื™ื•ึนืŸ ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ึทึผื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื•". ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ืจืื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืžืฆืคืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘'ื”ื’ื ื”' โ€“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืืžืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™. ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืคืกื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฆืข ืคืขื•ืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ืื•ืชื•, ืคืฆืข ืคืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ืชืจืคื ืจืง ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 19 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืขืœ ืž"ื”ืคืœื", ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™, ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš, ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื—ื•ืกื ื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•.

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื โ€“ ืฉืจืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืžื”. ืฉืจืช, ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื–ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืคื™ืœืก ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืœื ื–ืจื•ืขื”. ื”ื•ื ื ึดื™ืฆึทื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขื ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉืš. ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-160 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ. ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืชื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ืืจื”"ื‘, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืกื™ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช: ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช, ืื–ืจื‘ื™ื™ื’'ืŸ, ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืŸ.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ โ€“ ืืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ื•ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื ื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืขืžื™ ืืกื™ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืฉืจืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืขื™ื ื• ืขื ืืจืฆื•ืช ืืกื™ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ืกืคืจื• 'ืžึดืฉื•ึผื˜ ื‘ืืกื™ื”', ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืกืคืจ ืžืจืชืง ืฉืœื ื ืก ืœื™ื—ื•.

ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืชื” ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”. ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ ืฉืจืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื โ€“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืง. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•"ืœ, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ืžืกืจ ืื—ื“: ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ืงืจื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืขื• ืžื” ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ืงืจื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขื•ืฆืžื” โ€“ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฆื“ืงืช ื“ืจื›ื ื•.

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžืขืฆืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืœื ื’ื, ืœื”ืฉืงืคืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืคืจื ื• ื•ืžืฉืงืœื ื• ื”ื™ื—ืกื™. ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ืกืจ-ืชืงื“ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉืจืช.

ืฉืจืช ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงืœ, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”, ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืจืช ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ึทึผืจึธืฆื•ึนืŸ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืฉื˜ืช ื™ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื ืืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจ. ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช: ื”ืœึธื“ื™ื ื•, ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ึทืจื•ึนืžึธื ึฐืกึตืจื•ึน, ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื ืคืœื 'ื‘ื•ืกืชืŸ ืกืคืจื“ื™', ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืฉื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื–"ืœ ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ืคืขื.

ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื "ืš - ื—ื“, ืฆืœื•ืœ, ืžืœื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื™ื–ืžืชื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื "ืš ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ืขืžืžื™ ืฉื—ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื“ ื›ืคื•ืœ: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืขื“ื” ื•ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” - ื™ืฉ ื”ืœื™ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืข ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื ื•ืจื• ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื” ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื•.

ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉืจืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืจื’ืขื™ ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื. ืจื’ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืชืจืคืง ืขืœื™ื•, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช, ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ืขืฆืจืช ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืžืื™ 1949, ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช โ€“ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ืคืช ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืจืช.

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•"ื, ื•ืฉืจืช ื ืื ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ืขืœ ืกืžืœ ื”ืžื’ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. 31 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-1980, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืจื’ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” โ€“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื‘ืื”ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื”, ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ืื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืฉื“ื’ืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ - ืœืžื•ืกืก ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื–ื• ืืžื™ืจื” ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ื ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืกืกื” ื•ื”ื”ื˜ืคื” ื ื’ื“ื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช - ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžื•ืกืก ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช.

ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืœ-ื™ื™ืžื—ื”. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืš ื‘ื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื•ืชืช-ื“ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืžืžืฉ ืื ื• ืžื”ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ื“ืืขืฉ, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื. ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืจืžื• ื ื“ื‘ื›ื™-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.

ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.

ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจื ื‘ืจื•ืš.

 

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